Step 2 of 5: Discovery

Map out vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, excessive privileges, and exploitable attack paths across attack surface.

The 5 steps as a cycle, with step 2, Discovery, marked. Each step links to its page.

Goal

Identify exposures

The challenge

How do you assess all exposures in one place?

What makes it hard
  • Disjointed tools generate a lot of noise: duplicates, false positives, and more
  • Understanding which exposures are exploitable and how, and their risk
  • Often missing relevant context, relationships, and real-time threat intel

How Axonius helps

One source of truth for exposures: what every security tool reports, plus what Axonius finds.

Which adapters report exposures?

Over 140 of them, as of March 2025: beyond scoping assets, Axonius adapters gather the security context your existing IT and security solutions discover.

Orange panel "Adapters reporting exposures" with a screenshot of the Axonius Adapters page filtered to exposure adapters: "Configured Adapters (14 of 141)", tiles including Amazon Web Services (AWS), Claroty CTD, CrowdStrike Falcon, CSV, Nozomi Guardian and CMC, Orca Cloud Visibility Platform, Qualys Cloud Platform, Rapid7 Nexpose and InsightVM.
The Adapters page filtered to adapters that report exposures.
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Axonius supports discovery by providing a single source of truth for exposures. The source of truth contains exposures reported by all your security tools alongside exposures identified by Axonius. Axonius achieves discovery through exposure and vulnerability adapters, discovery logic, static analysis and enrichments, exposures, misconfigurations (through queries and dashboards), and external to internal mapping.

These adapters (from the Axonius adapters documentation, search for “vulnerabilities” or “exposures”) provide information about vulnerabilities, cloud security, and application development exposures. They range from traditional vulnerability scanners, to endpoint protection platforms, to threat intelligence feeds, to breach and attack simulation (BAS), to SAST and DAST scanners, CNAPP platforms, and much more.

Axonius then applies the same discovery logic from scoping assets to aggregate, correlate, and deduplicate your exposures. That gives your teams an accurate list of exposures that are uniquely identified, enriched, and free from inconsistencies.

What do vulnerability enrichments add?

Context from the major vulnerability sources, for every asset and exposure, including assets no scanner covers.

Orange panel "Vulnerability Instances: Vulnerability instances (a type of exposure identified by Axonius) with information reported by your adapters (in green) and by Axonius enrichments (in yellow). The first two vulnerability instances are found exclusively through enrichment and note reported by adapters (either through a missing scan or the lack of vulnerability scanner in the asset)". Screenshot of the query table: Total 396,428, Unique Device Count 2,333; columns Adapter Connections, Vuln ID, Preferred Hostname, Axonius Risk Score. Rows: CVE-2023-6345 8.46, CVE-2023-6345 8.46, CVE-2023-31122 8.25, CVE-2023-1217 8.15, CVE-2023-1217 8.15. Source icons for enrichments are highlighted yellow, adapters green and cyan. Hostname values are masked.
Vulnerability instances: adapter data in green, enrichment data in yellow. The first two come from enrichment alone.

Pick a case to see what adapters and enrichments each contribute:

1. Vulnerabilities found by your systems2. Vulnerabilities not yet found by your systems3. Vulnerabilities where scanners are not present
140+ AdaptersAggregated scanned dataScan failures; waiting for re-scanNo scanner present
EnrichmentsComplementary contextInitial contextVulnerability Context
OutcomesBetter vulnerability intelligenceReduce time to recognition; reduce pressure on scan SLAs; mitigate scan failuresDiscover exposures in assets without scanners
Enrichment from NVD, KEV, EPSS and MSRC adds context in all three cases, including assets no scanner covers. From the table on page 13.
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As part of the discovery logic, Axonius enriches all your assets (from the scoping step) and exposures (in the discovery step) with data from major vulnerability context providers such as NIST National Vulnerability Database (NVD), CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV), Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS), and the Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC) along with any of your desired threat intel feeds.

This information is used in three ways: to enrich vulnerabilities already found by your security solutions, to identify emerging vulnerabilities faster than the scanner cadence, and to identify vulnerabilities in assets without a scanner or a recent scan.

What is an exposure in Axonius?

An exposure item combines the security context (i.e. vulnerability CVE, technical score, threat intelligence feed data) with asset context and business context.

Orange panel with a screenshot of the Vulnerability Instances table: "Unique Device Count 1260", "Last update: 2022-11-21 15:50:27". Columns: Adapter Connections, Vuln ID, Asset Type (boxed in red), Exclusion Status, Preferred Vul. Status. Rows: CVE-2020-16012 Devices Excluded Open (twice); CVE-2019-34566 Serverless Functions Excluded Reopen; CVE-2016-99134 Devices Not Excluded Reopen; CVE-2016-99134 Databases Not Excluded Reopen; CVE-2023-47790 Containers Not Excluded Open; CVE-2023-47790 Serverless Functions Excluded Reopen.
Vulnerability instances, the exposures Axonius aggregates across assets.
Dark panel "Unified Context: Get a full picture of the risk across security, asset, and business context." Left: two icon grids, "Security Findings" and "Asset Intelligence" (tool logos). Right: a three-circle Venn diagram of Security Context, Asset Context and Business Context, titled "Unified Context". Security Context: Vulnerability Scanner, Endpoint Protection/AV, Threat Intelligence. Asset Context: Asset online, EPP coverage, Asset state, Internet traffic, Linked to admin, Domain controller. Business Context: Business owner, Risk owner, In PCI Network, Crown jewel, SLA & MTTR.
Unified context: security, asset and business context together.
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Axonius aggregates exposures — from all your assets across on-prem and cloud infrastructure — under the exposures category. This information is used in subsequent CTEM steps to help prioritize and mobilize the right teams.

How does Axonius find misconfigurations?

Out of the box, the Axonius discovery logic includes steps — aggregation, deduplication, normalization, and correlation — that can uncover gaps in security controls and misconfigurations such as:

  1. Missing security controls

    By identifying a laptop reported by all your systems — CMDB, endpoint management, meeting client, and VPN client — but missed by your endpoint protection (EPP), you identify a gap in EPP coverage.

  2. Gap in identity security posture

    By identifying users in an important department (reported by your HR), with admin rights, accessing a system without MFA (reported by your SaaS Apps), you identify a gap in identity coverage.

  3. Shadow SaaS Apps

    By identifying a SaaS app purchased by your organization (reported by your expense system) or from your DNS monitoring, without SSO, MFA, or Identity Governance (reported by your Identity Provider), you identify SaaS applications missing critical security controls.

Orange panel: "Axonius Query Wizard: Identifying gaps and misconfigurations in Endpoint Protection (i.e. Crowdstrike) coverage". Screenshot of Show Devices with the query "devices missing crowdstrike or without crowdstrike updated over the last 7 days" and two rows: WHERE NOT ALL (CrowdStrike icon) ID exists; OR NOT ALL (CrowdStrike icon) Last Seen is last d... 7. Buttons Clear and Search.
The Query Wizard finding gaps in endpoint protection coverage.
Orange panel: "SaaS overview dashboard template displaying exposures for SaaS Applications". Screenshot of the dashboard: SaaS Inventory Overview tiles: All SaaS Apps 102, Managed SaaS Apps 58, SSO Integrated Apps 46, Shadow SaaS Apps 44, Unique SaaS-to-SaaS Integrations 101, Shadow App Tokens 2,705. Below: SaaS Applications Catalogue with a Discovered Application Categories bar chart (Total 102), an All SaaS Applications table (name, affiliated users, compliance, category, risk, generated from) and right-hand panels High Risk Apps 6 and Medium Risk Apps 11.
The SaaS overview dashboard template.
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Queries identify assets with exposures including missing security controls (i.e. device missing CrowdStrike) and misconfigurations (CrowdStrike sensor installed but inactive). Queries can be presented in dashboards for tracking and used in subsequent CTEM steps: prioritization, validation, and mobilization.

Dashboard Templates — such as the SaaS Overview, Data Hygiene, and Security Posture dashboards — provide out of the box discoveries from Axonius in a dashboard format alongside baseline queries. The templates can be created from the Axonius Dashboard and tweaked to fit your needs.

What is external to internal mapping?

It finds what attackers can reach from outside by reading your own network configuration: Axonius reviews your DNS, load balancers, firewalls, and subnets to identify assets and exposures publicly exposed to external attackers.

Orange panel with a diagram. A query box "Show Devices WHERE NOT ALL Publicly Exposed By exists" (tooltip "Publicly Exposed By") with an arrow to the server group. Topology: www.acme.com, FW, Global LBL, then two data centres. DC1: FW, LBL, then two FW each feeding a Server. DC2: FW, LBL, then two FW each feeding a Server. The four servers are highlighted in orange.
One query traces the path from the public domain to the exposed servers.
  1. High-fidelity signals

    By leveraging your real attack surface as the baseline.

  2. Risk opaque to external scanners

    Such as horizontal scale (adding new servers to increase production performance).

  3. Earlier identification

    Risk identification before incoming traffic is introduced.

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The external to internal information is provided both in table format (mapping your configuration) and as a graph with additional asset context. Compared to external scanning through the internet, identification through the network configuration provides three benefits:

From pages 11 to 16 of the PDF. Download the PDF